Gas turbine engine airfoil

ABSTRACT

A gas turbine engine includes a combustor section arranged between a compressor section and a turbine section. The compressor section includes at least a low pressure compressor and a high pressure compressor. The high pressure compressor is arranged upstream of the combustor section. A fan section has an array of twenty-six or fewer fan blades. The low pressure compressor is downstream from the fan section. An airfoil is arranged in the low pressure compressor and includes pressure and suction sides that extend in a radial direction from a 0% span position to a 100% span position. The airfoil has a relationship between an axial stacking offset and span position that includes a curve with a negative slope from 90% span to 100% span. The negative slope leans forward relative to an engine axis.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/115,360 filed Jul. 29, 2016, which is a 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2015/016018 filed Feb. 16, 2015, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/941,685, which was filed on Feb. 19, 2014 and is incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND

This disclosure relates to gas turbine engine airfoils. More particularly, the disclosure relates to airfoil axial stacking offset in, for example, a gas turbine engine compressor.

A turbine engine such as a gas turbine engine typically includes a fan section, a compressor section, a combustor section and a turbine section. Air entering the compressor section is compressed and delivered into the combustor section where it is mixed with fuel and ignited to generate a high-speed exhaust gas flow. The high-speed exhaust gas flow expands through the turbine section to drive the compressor and the fan section. The compressor section typically includes at least low and high pressure compressors, and the turbine section includes at least low and high pressure turbines.

Direct drive gas turbine engines include a fan section that is driven directly by one of the turbine shafts. Rotor blades in the fan section and a low pressure compressor of the compressor section of direct drive engines rotate in the same direction.

Gas turbine engines have been proposed in which a geared architecture is arranged between the fan section and at least some turbines in the turbine section. The geared architecture enables the associated compressor of the compressor section to be driven at much higher rotational speeds, improving overall efficiency of the engine. The propulsive efficiency of a gas turbine engine depends on many different factors, such as the design of the engine and the resulting performance debits on the fan that propels the engine and the compressor section downstream from the fan. Physical interaction between the fan and the air causes downstream turbulence and further losses. Although some basic principles behind such losses are understood, identifying and changing appropriate design factors to reduce such losses for a given engine architecture has proven to be a complex and elusive task.

Prior compressor airfoil geometries may not be suitable for the compressor section of gas turbine engines using a geared architecture, since the significantly different speeds of the compressor changes the desired aerodynamics of the airfoils within the compressor section. Counter-rotating fan and compressor blades, which may be used in geared architecture engines, also present design challenges.

SUMMARY

In one exemplary embodiment, a compressor airfoil of a turbine engine having a geared architecture includes pressure and suction sides that extend in a radial direction from a 0% span position to a 100% span position. The airfoil has a relationship between an axial stacking offset and span position that includes a curve with a negative slope from 90% span to 100% span. The negative slope leans forward relative to an engine axis.

In a further embodiment of the above, the curve has a negative slope from 80% span to 100% span.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the curve has a negative slope from 70% span to 100% span.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the curve has a positive slope beginning at 0% span. The positive slope leans aftward relative to the engine axis.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the positive slope extends from 0% span to 40% span.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the curve transitions from the positive slope to the negative slope in a range of 40% span to 75% span.

In another exemplary embodiment, a gas turbine engine includes a combustor section that is arranged between a compressor section and a turbine section. A fan section has an array of twenty-six or fewer fan blades. The fan section has a fan pressure ratio of less than 1.55. A geared architecture couples the fan section to the turbine section or the compressor section. An airfoil is arranged in the compressor section and includes pressure and suction sides that extend in a radial direction from a 0% span position to a 100% span position. The airfoil has a relationship between an axial stacking offset and span position that includes a curve with a negative slope from 90% span to 100% span. The negative slope leans forward relative to an engine axis.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the compressor section includes at least a low pressure compressor and a high pressure compressor. The high pressure compressor is arranged immediately upstream of the combustor section.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the airfoil is provided in a compressor outside the high pressure compressor.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the low pressure compressor is counter-rotating relative to the fan blades.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the gas turbine engine is a two-spool configuration.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the low pressure compressor is immediately downstream from the fan section.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the airfoil is rotatable relative to an engine static structure.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the curve has a negative slope from 80% span to 100% span.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the curve has a negative slope from 70% span to 100% span.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the curve has a positive slope beginning at 0% span. The positive slope leans aftward relative to the engine axis.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the positive slope extends from 0% span to 40% span.

In a further embodiment of any of the above, the curve transitions from the positive slope to the negative slope in a range of 40% span to 75% span.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The disclosure can be further understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a gas turbine engine embodiment with a geared architecture.

FIG. 2 schematically illustrates a low pressure compressor section of the gas turbine engine of FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of airfoil span positions.

FIG. 4 is a schematic view of a cross-section of an airfoil sectioned at a particular span position and depicting directional indicators.

FIG. 5 graphically depicts curves for several example airfoil axial stacking offset relative to span, including two prior art curves and several inventive curves according to this disclosure.

The embodiments, examples and alternatives of the preceding paragraphs, the claims, or the following description and drawings, including any of their various aspects or respective individual features, may be taken independently or in any combination. Features described in connection with one embodiment are applicable to all embodiments, unless such features are incompatible.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 schematically illustrates a gas turbine engine 20. The gas turbine engine 20 is disclosed herein as a two-spool turbofan that generally incorporates a fan section 22, a compressor section 24, a combustor section 26 and a turbine section 28. Alternative engines might include an augmenter section (not shown) among other systems or features. The fan section 22 drives air along a bypass flow path B in a bypass duct defined within a nacelle 15, while the compressor section 24 drives air along a core flow path C for compression and communication into the combustor section 26 then expansion through the turbine section 28. Although depicted as a two-spool turbofan gas turbine engine in the disclosed non-limiting embodiment, it should be understood that the concepts described herein are not limited to use with two-spool turbofans as the teachings may be applied to other types of turbine engines including three-spool architectures. That is, the disclosed airfoils may be used for engine configurations such as, for example, direct fan drives, or two- or three-spool engines with a speed change mechanism coupling the fan with a compressor or a turbine sections.

The exemplary engine 20 generally includes a low speed spool 30 and a high speed spool 32 mounted for rotation about an engine central longitudinal axis X relative to an engine static structure 36 via several bearing systems 38. It should be understood that various bearing systems 38 at various locations may alternatively or additionally be provided, and the location of bearing systems 38 may be varied as appropriate to the application.

The low speed spool 30 generally includes an inner shaft 40 that interconnects a fan 42, a first (or low) pressure compressor 44 and a first (or low) pressure turbine 46. The inner shaft 40 is connected to the fan 42 through a speed change mechanism, which in exemplary gas turbine engine 20 is illustrated as a geared architecture 48 to drive the fan 42 at a lower speed than the low speed spool 30. The high speed spool 32 includes an outer shaft 50 that interconnects a second (or high) pressure compressor 52 and a second (or high) pressure turbine 54. A combustor 56 is arranged in exemplary gas turbine 20 between the high pressure compressor 52 and the high pressure turbine 54. A mid-turbine frame 57 of the engine static structure 36 is arranged generally between the high pressure turbine 54 and the low pressure turbine 46. The mid-turbine frame 57 further supports bearing systems 38 in the turbine section 28. The inner shaft 40 and the outer shaft 50 are concentric and rotate via bearing systems 38 about the engine central longitudinal axis X which is collinear with their longitudinal axes.

The core airflow is compressed by the low pressure compressor 44 then the high pressure compressor 52, mixed and burned with fuel in the combustor 56, then expanded over the high pressure turbine 54 and low pressure turbine 46. The mid-turbine frame 57 includes airfoils 59 which are in the core airflow path C. The turbines 46, 54 rotationally drive the respective low speed spool 30 and high speed spool 32 in response to the expansion. It will be appreciated that each of the positions of the fan section 22, compressor section 24, combustor section 26, turbine section 28, and fan drive gear system 48 may be varied. For example, gear system 48 may be located aft of combustor section 26 or even aft of turbine section 28, and fan section 22 may be positioned forward or aft of the location of gear system 48.

The engine 20 in one example is a high-bypass geared aircraft engine. In a further example, the engine 20 bypass ratio is greater than about six (6), with an example embodiment being greater than about ten (10), the geared architecture 48 is an epicyclic gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3 and the low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five. In one disclosed embodiment, the engine 20 bypass ratio is greater than about ten (10:1), the fan diameter is significantly larger than that of the low pressure compressor 44, and the low pressure turbine 46 has a pressure ratio that is greater than about five (5:1). Low pressure turbine 46 pressure ratio is pressure measured prior to inlet of low pressure turbine 46 as related to the pressure at the outlet of the low pressure turbine 46 prior to an exhaust nozzle. The geared architecture 48 may be an epicyclic gear train, such as a planetary gear system or other gear system, with a gear reduction ratio of greater than about 2.3:1. It should be understood, however, that the above parameters are only exemplary of one embodiment of a geared architecture engine and that the present invention is applicable to other gas turbine engines including direct drive turbofans.

The example gas turbine engine includes the fan 42 that comprises in one non-limiting embodiment less than about twenty-six (26) fan blades. In another non-limiting embodiment, the fan section 22 includes less than about twenty (20) fan blades. Moreover, in one disclosed embodiment the low pressure turbine 46 includes no more than about six (6) turbine rotors schematically indicated at 34. In another non-limiting example embodiment the low pressure turbine 46 includes about three (3) turbine rotors. A ratio between the number of fan blades 42 and the number of low pressure turbine rotors is between about 3.3 and about 8.6. The example low pressure turbine 46 provides the driving power to rotate the fan section 22 and therefore the relationship between the number of turbine rotors 34 in the low pressure turbine 46 and the number of blades 42 in the fan section 22 disclose an example gas turbine engine 20 with increased power transfer efficiency.

A significant amount of thrust is provided by the bypass flow B due to the high bypass ratio. The fan section 22 of the engine 20 is designed for a particular flight condition—typically cruise at about 0.8 Mach and about 35,000 feet (10,668 meters). The flight condition of 0.8 Mach and 35,000 ft (10,668 meters), with the engine at its best fuel consumption—also known as “bucket cruise Thrust Specific Fuel Consumption (‘TSFC’)”—is the industry standard parameter of lbm of fuel being burned divided by lbf of thrust the engine produces at that minimum point. “Low fan pressure ratio” is the pressure ratio across the fan blade alone, without a Fan Exit Guide Vane (“FEGV”) system. The low fan pressure ratio as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1.55. In another non-limiting embodiment the low fan pressure ratio is less than about 1.45. In another non-limiting embodiment the low fan pressure ratio is from 1.1 to 1.45. “Low corrected fan tip speed” is the actual fan tip speed in ft/sec divided by an industry standard temperature correction of [(Tram ° R)/(518.7° R)]^(0.5). The “Low corrected fan tip speed” as disclosed herein according to one non-limiting embodiment is less than about 1200 ft/second (365.7 meters/second).

Referring to FIG. 2, which schematically illustrates an example low pressure compressor (LPC) 44, a variable inlet guide vane (IGV) is arranged downstream from a fan exit stator (FES). The figure is highly schematic, and the geometry and orientation of various features may be other than shown. An actuator driven by a controller actuates the IGV about their respective axes. Multiple airfoils are arranged downstream from the IGV. The airfoils include alternating stages of rotors (ROTOR1, ROTOR2, ROTOR3, ROTOR4) and stators (STATOR1, STATOR2, STATOR3, STATOR4). In the example shown in FIG. 2, the LPC includes four rotors alternating with four stators. However, in another example, a different number of rotors and a different number of stators may be used. Moreover, the IGV and stator stages may all be variable, fixed or a combination thereof.

The disclosed airfoils may be used in a low pressure compressor of a two spool engine or in portions of other compressor configurations, such as low, intermediate and/or high pressure areas of a three spool engine. However, it should be understood that any of the disclosed airfoils may be used for blades or vanes, and in any of the compressor section, turbine section and fan section.

Referring to FIG. 3, span positions on an airfoil 64 are schematically illustrated from 0% to 100% in 10% increments. Each section at a given span position is provided by a conical cut that corresponds to the shape of the core flow path, as shown by the large dashed lines. In the case of an airfoil with an integral platform, the 0% span position corresponds to the radially innermost location where the airfoil meets the fillet joining the airfoil to the inner platform. In the case of an airfoil without an integral platform, the 0% span position corresponds to the radially innermost location where the discrete platform meets the exterior surface of the airfoil. For airfoils having no outer platform, such as blades, the 100% span position corresponds to the tip 66. For airfoils having no platform at the inner diameter, such as cantilevered stators, the 0% span position corresponds to the inner diameter location of the airfoil. For stators, the 100% span position corresponds to the outermost location where the airfoil meets the fillet joining the airfoil to the outer platform.

Airfoils in each stage of the LPC are specifically designed radially from an inner airfoil location (0% span) to an outer airfoil location (100% span) and along circumferentially opposite pressure and suction sides 72, 74 extending in chord between a leading and trailing edges 68, 70 (see FIG. 4). Each airfoil is specifically twisted with a corresponding stagger angle and bent with specific sweep and/or dihedral angles along the airfoil. Airfoil geometric shapes, stacking offsets, chord profiles, stagger angles, sweep and dihedral angles, among other associated features, are incorporated individually or collectively to improve characteristics such as aerodynamic efficiency, structural integrity, and vibration mitigation, for example, in a gas turbine engine with a geared architecture in view of the higher LPC rotational speeds.

The airfoil 64 has an exterior surface 76 providing a contour that extends from a leading edge 68 generally aftward in a chord-wise direction H to a trailing edge 70, as shown in FIG. 4. Pressure and suction sides 72, 74 join one another at the leading and trailing edges 68, 70 and are spaced apart from one another in an airfoil thickness direction T. An array of airfoils 64 are positioned about the axis X (corresponding to an X direction) in a circumferential or tangential direction Y. Any suitable number of airfoils may be used for a particular stage in a given engine application.

An axial stacking offset X_(d) corresponds to the location of the center of gravity X_(CG) for a particular section at a given span location relative to a reference point 80 in the X direction. The reference point 80 is a location such as the axial center of the root or the axial center of a rotor bore, for example. The value X_(d) corresponds to the axial distance from the reference point 80 to the center of gravity. A positive X is on the aft side of reference point 80, and a negative X is on the forward side of the reference point 80. A positive slope to the axial stacking offset profile is where the span section leans aftward, and a negative slope to the axial stacking offset profile is where the span section leans forward relative to the engine's axis X.

The exterior surface 76 of the airfoil 64 generates lift based upon its geometry and directs flow along the core flow path C. The airfoil 64 may be constructed from a composite material, or an aluminum alloy or titanium alloy, or a combination of one or more of these. Abrasion-resistant coatings or other protective coatings may be applied to the airfoil. The rotor stages may constructed as an integrally bladed rotor, if desired, or discrete blades having roots secured within corresponding rotor slots of a disc. The stators may be provided by individual vanes, clusters of vanes, or a full ring of vanes.

Airfoil geometries can be described with respect to various parameters provided. The disclosed graph(s) illustrate the relationships between the referenced parameters within 10% of the desired values, which correspond to a hot aerodynamic design point for the airfoil. In another example, the referenced parameters are within 5% of the desired values, and in another example, the reference parameters are within 2% of the desired values. It should be understood that the airfoils may be oriented differently than depicted, depending on the rotational direction of the blades. The signs (positive or negative) used, if any, in the graphs of this disclosure are controlling and the drawings should then be understood as a schematic representation of one example airfoil if inconsistent with the graphs. The signs in this disclosure, including any graphs, comply with the “right hand rule.” The axial stacking offset varies with position along the span, and varies between a hot, running condition and a cold, static (“on the bench”) condition.

The geared architecture 48 of the disclosed example permits the fan 42 to be driven by the low pressure turbine 46 through the low speed spool 30 at a lower angular speed than the low pressure turbine 46, which enables the LPC 44 to rotate at higher, more useful speeds. The axial stacking offset in a hot, running condition along the span of the airfoils 64 provides necessary compressor operation in cruise at the higher speeds enabled by the geared architecture 48, to thereby enhance aerodynamic functionality and thermal efficiency. As used herein, the hot, running condition is the condition during cruise of the gas turbine engine 20. For example, the axial stacking offset in the hot, running condition can be determined in a known manner using numerical analysis, such as finite element analysis.

FIG. 5 illustrates the relationship between the axial stacking offset and the average span (AVERAGE SPAN %), which is the average of the radial position at the leading and trailing edges 68, 70. The axial stacking offset assumes a center of gravity based upon a homogeneous material throughout the airfoil cross-section. In one example, the airfoils are LPC rotor blades. Two prior art curves (“PRIOR ART”) are illustrated as well as several example inventive curves 88, 90, 92, 94, 96. The airfoil 64 has a relationship between an axial stacking offset and span position that includes a curve with a negative slope from 90% span to 100% span. The prior art airfoil curves are substantially linear across the entire span of the airfoil with substantially no offset. The curves 88, 90, 92, 94, 96 have a negative slope from 80% span to 100% span in the example. The curves may have a negative slope from at least 70% span to 100% span, for example.

The inventive curves 90, 92, 94, 96 have a positive slope beginning at 0% span and may extend from 0% span to at least 40% span, for example. The curves transition from the positive slope to the negative slope in a range of 40% span to 75% span, providing a maximum aftward leaning axial stacking offset in this range.

The prior art has generally used straight, axially non-stacked LPC blades. The disclosed airfoils include significant forward and aftward stacking to improve the aerodynamic efficiency of the high speed LPC blades downstream from a counter-rotating fan.

It should also be understood that although a particular component arrangement is disclosed in the illustrated embodiment, other arrangements will benefit herefrom. Although particular step sequences are shown, described, and claimed, it should be understood that steps may be performed in any order, separated or combined unless otherwise indicated and will still benefit from the present invention.

Although the different examples have specific components shown in the illustrations, embodiments of this invention are not limited to those particular combinations. It is possible to use some of the components or features from one of the examples in combination with features or components from another one of the examples.

Although an example embodiment has been disclosed, a worker of ordinary skill in this art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of the claims. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine their true scope and content. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A gas turbine engine comprising: a combustor section arranged between a compressor section and a turbine section, wherein the compressor section includes at least a low pressure compressor and a high pressure compressor, the high pressure compressor arranged upstream of the combustor section; a fan section having twenty-six or fewer fan blades, wherein the low pressure compressor is downstream from the fan section, wherein the low pressure compressor is configured to counter-rotate relative to the fan blades; an airfoil arranged in the low pressure compressor and including pressure and suction sides extending in a radial direction from a 0% span position to a 100% span position, wherein the airfoil has a relationship between an axial stacking offset and span position that includes a curve with a negative slope from 90% span to 100% span, where the negative slope leans forward relative to an engine axis; wherein the curve has a positive slope beginning at 0% span, where the positive slope leans aftward relative to the engine axis; and wherein the airfoil has an axial stacking offset at the 100% span position which is less than or equal to an axial stacking offset at the 0% span position, the axial stacking offsets measured relative to an aftward direction.
 2. The gas turbine engine according to claim 1, wherein the gas turbine engine is a two-spool configuration.
 3. The gas turbine engine according to claim 1, wherein the airfoil is rotatable relative to an engine static structure.
 4. The gas turbine engine according to claim 1, wherein the negative slope is from 80% span to 100% span.
 5. The gas turbine engine according to claim 4, wherein the negative slope is from 70% span to 100% span.
 6. The gas turbine engine according to claim 5, wherein the curve has a positive slope beginning at 0% span, where the positive slope leans aftward relative to the engine axis and the positive slope extends from 0% span to 40% span.
 7. The gas turbine engine according to claim 1, wherein the positive slope extends from 0% span to 40% span.
 8. The gas turbine engine according to claim 7, wherein the curve transitions from the positive slope to the negative slope in a range of 40% span to 75% span.
 9. The gas turbine engine according to claim 1, wherein the fan section has a fan pressure ratio of less than 1.55.
 10. The gas turbine engine according to claim 1, wherein the fan section has a fan pressure ratio of less than 1.45.
 11. The gas turbine engine according to claim 1, wherein the fan section has a fan pressure ratio of between 1.1 and 1.45.
 12. The gas turbine engine according to claim 1, wherein the fan section has twenty or fewer fan blades.
 13. The gas turbine engine according to claim 1, wherein the turbine section comprises a low pressure turbine and a high pressure turbine and the low pressure turbine has six or fewer rotors.
 14. The gas turbine engine according to claim 13, wherein a ratio between a number of fan blades and a number of low pressure turbine rotors is between 3.3 and 8.6.
 15. A gas turbine engine comprising: a combustor section arranged between a compressor section and a turbine section, wherein the compressor section includes at least a low pressure compressor and a high pressure compressor, the high pressure compressor arranged upstream of the combustor section; a fan section having twenty-six or fewer fan blades, wherein the low pressure compressor is downstream from the fan section and the low pressure compressor is configured to counter-rotate relative to the fan blades, and the fan section has a fan pressure ratio of less than 1.55; an airfoil arranged in the low pressure compressor and including pressure and suction sides extending in a radial direction from a 0% span position to a 100% span position, wherein the airfoil has a relationship between an axial stacking offset and span position that includes a curve with a negative slope from 90% span to 100% span, where the negative slope leans forward relative to an engine axis; wherein the curve has a positive slope beginning at 0% span, where the positive slope leans aftward relative to the engine axis; and wherein the airfoil has an axial stacking offset at the 100% span position which is less than or equal to an axial stacking offset at the 0% span position, the axial stacking offsets measured relative to an aftward direction.
 16. The gas turbine engine according to claim 15, wherein the negative slope is from 70% span to 100% span and the positive slope extends from 0% span to 40% span.
 17. A gas turbine engine comprising: a combustor section arranged between a compressor section and a turbine section; a fan section having twenty-six or fewer fan blades, wherein the compressor section is downstream from the fan section and the compressor section is configured to counter-rotate relative to the fan blades; and an airfoil arranged in the compressor section and including pressure and suction sides extending in a radial direction from a 0% span position to a 100% span position, wherein the airfoil has a relationship between an axial stacking offset and span position that includes a curve with a negative slope from 90% span to 100% span, where the negative slope leans forward relative to an engine axis; wherein the curve has a positive slope beginning at 0% span, where the positive slope leans aftward relative to the engine axis; and wherein the airfoil has an axial stacking offset at the 100% span position which is less than or equal to an axial stacking offset at the 0% span position, the axial stacking offsets measured relative to an aftward direction.
 18. The gas turbine engine of claim 17, comprising a geared architecture coupling the fan section and the compressor section.
 19. The gas turbine engine of claim 18, wherein the geared architecture has a gear ratio greater than 2.3. 